کتاب Control Engineering - A Guide for Beginers (2004)

Contents:

1 Basic concepts ............................................................................ 7
1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 7
1.2 Concepts and designations ........................................................................ 7
1.3 Operation and control .................................................................................. 7
1.4 The control action ...................................................................................... 11
1.5 Construction of controllers ....................................................................... 12
1.6 Analog and digital controllers ................................................................... 18
1.6.1 Signal types .................................................................................................. 18
1.6.2 Fundamental differences .............................................................................. 20
1.7 Manipulating devices ................................................................................. 23
1.8 Other methods of achieving constant values .......................................... 25
1.8.1 Utilizing physical effects ............................................................................... 25
1.8.2 Constructional measures ............................................................................. 25
1.8.3 Maintaining constant values by operation ................................................... 26
1.9 Main areas of control engineering ............................................................ 27
1.10 Tasks of the control engineer .................................................................... 28
2 The process ................................................................................ 29
2.1 Dynamic action of technical systems ...................................................... 29
2.2 Processes with self-limitation ................................................................... 32
2.3 Processes without self-limitation ............................................................. 33
2.4 Processes with dead time ......................................................................... 35
2.5 Processes with delay ................................................................................. 37
2.5.1 Processes with one delay (first-order processes) ........................................ 38
2.5.2 Processes with two delays (second-order processes) ................................. 39
2.5.3 Processes with several delays (higher-order processes) ............................. 41
2.6 Recording the step response .................................................................... 41
2.7 Characteristic values of processes .......................................................... 43
2.8 Transfer coefficient and working point .................................................... 43

Inhalt
3 Continuous controllers .............................................................. 45
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 45
3.2 P controller ................................................................................................. 45
3.2.1 The proportional band .................................................................................. 47
3.2.2 Permanent deviation and working point ...................................................... 49
3.2.3 Controllers with dynamic action ................................................................... 52
3.3 I controller ................................................................................................... 53
3.4 PI controller ................................................................................................ 54
3.5 PD controller ............................................................................................... 57
3.5.1 The practical D component - the DT element ............................................ 60
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3.6 PID controller .............................................................................................. 61
3.6.1 Block diagram of the PID controller ............................................................. 62
4 Control loops with continuous controllers .............................. 63
4.1 Operating methods for control loops with continuous controllers ....... 63
4.2 Stable and unstable behavior of the control loop ................................... 64
4.3 Setpoint and disturbance response of the control loop ......................... 65
4.3.1 Setpoint response of the control loop .......................................................... 66
4.3.2 Disturbance response .................................................................................. 67
4.4 Which controller is best suited for which process? ................................ 68
4.5 Optimization ................................................................................................ 69
4.5.1 The measure of control quality ..................................................................... 70
4.5.2 Adjustment by the oscillation method .......................................................... 71
4.5.3 Adjustment according to the transfer function or process step response ... 72
4.5.4 Adjustment according to the rate of rise ...................................................... 75
4.5.5 Adjustment without knowledge of the process ............................................ 76
4.5.6 Checking the controller settings .................................................................. 77

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